THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
House of Windsor (Wettin)

 

The United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland, (more commonly,
known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located
off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country,
spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part
of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of
the UK with a land border, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart
from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the
North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. The largest island,
Great Britain, is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel.

 

 

On 1 May 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain was created by the political
union of the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of
Scotland. This event was the result of the Treaty of Union that was agreed
on 22 July 1706, and then ratified by both the Parliament of England and
Parliament of Scotland each passing an Act of Union in 1707. Almost a century
later, the Kingdom of Ireland, already under English control by 1691, merged
with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom with the passing
of the Act of Union 1800. Although England and Scotland had been separate
states prior to 1707, they had been in personal union since the Union of the
Crowns in 1603, when James VI King of Scots had inherited the throne of the
Kingdoms of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London.

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state consisting of
four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It is governed
by a parliamentary system with its seat of government in London, the capital, but
with three devolved national administrations in Belfast, Cardiff and Edinburgh,
the capitals of Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively. The Channel
Island bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, and the Isle of Man are Crown
Dependencies which means they are constitutionally tied to the Monarch (King or
Queen) but are not constitutionally part of the UK, though they are treated as
part of it for many purposes including nationality. The UK has fourteen overseas
territories, all remnants of the British Empire, which at its height in 1922
encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface, the largest empire in
history. British influence can continue to be observed in the language, culture
and legal systems of many of its former colonies.

The UK is a developed country, with the world's sixth largest economy by nominal
GDP and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity. It was the world's first
industrialised country and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early
20th centuries, but the economic cost of two world wars and the decline of its
empire in the latter half of the 20th century diminished its leading role in global
affairs. The UK nevertheless remains a major power with strong economic, cultural,
military, scientific and political influence. It is a recognised nuclear weapons
state and has the fourth highest defence spending in the world. It is a Member State
of the European Union, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,
and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, and the
World Trade Organization.

Sovereign: Elizabeth Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland (17 Bruton Street, London, Great Britain, April 21, 1926). Daughter of
George VI King of Great Britain (1895-1952) and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900
-2002). Succeeds her father George , King of Great Britain (1895-February 6, 1952).
Coronation: Westminster Abbey, London, Great Britain, June 2, 1953. Motto: "Dieu
et mon droit" (God and my right). Religion: Anglican. The Queen is head of the
Anglican Church of England & the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Married (1947):
Philip Prince of Greece and Denmark (until 1947), Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of
Merioneth, Baron Greenwich (since 1947), (1921). Postal Address: 
Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA , Great Britain .

    

 

The Kings and Queens of

Great Britain since 1714-

 

George I.............(1660-1727) 1714-1727
George II...........(1683-1760) 1727-1760
George III.........(1738-1820) 1760-1820
George IV.........(1762-1830) 1820-1830
William IV.........(1765-1837) 1830-1837
Victoria.............(1819-1901) 1837-1901
Edward VII.......(1841-1910) 1901-1910
George V..........(1865-1936) 1910-1936
Edward VII(1894-1972) 1936-abd.1936
George VI..........(1895-1952) 1936-1952
Elizabeth II......................(1926-) 1952-

 

   

 

H.M. The Queen Elizabeth II
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland

 

   

 

H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh
(The Queen's husband)

 

 

 

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales

 

   

 

H.R.H. The Duchess of Cornwall

 

     

 

H.R.H. Prince William of Wales
(The Prince of Wales's elder son)

 

 

 

H.R.H. Prince Harry of Wales

(The Prince of Wales's  second Son)

 

 

 

H.R.H. The Duke of York
(The Queen's second son)

 

 

 

H.R.H. Princess Beatrice of York
(The Duke of York's elder daughter)

 

 

 

H.R.H. Princess Eugenie of York
(The Duke of York's younger daughter)

 

 

 

H.R.H. The Earl and Countess of Wessex
(The Queen's youngest son and his wife)

 

The Lady Louise Windsor
(The Earl of Wessex's daughter)

 

 

 

H.R.H. The Princess Royal
(The Queen's daughter)

 

Peter Phillips
(The Queen's eldest grandson) 

 

Zara Phillips
(The Queen's eldest granddaughter)

 

 

 

H.R.H. The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester
(The Queen's cousin and his wife)

 

       

 

H.R.H. The Duke and Duchess of Kent
(The Queen's cousin and his wife)

 

 

 

H.R.H. Prince and Princess Michael of Kent
(The Queen's cousin and his wife)

 

 

 

H.R.H. Princess Alexandra,

The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
(The Queen's cousin)

 

     

 The House of Windsor / Wettin

 

 

High anti-German sentiment amongst the people of the British Empire during World
War I reached a peak in March 1917, when the Gotha G.IV, a heavy aircraft capable
of crossing the English Channel began bombing London directly. The aircraft became
a household name, and coincidently was part of the name of the royal family. These
bombings were coupled with the abdication of King George's first cousin, Nicholas
II, the Tsar of Russia on 15 March 1917, which raised the specter of the eventual
abolition of all the monarchies in Europe.

The King and his family were finally convinced to abandon all titles held under the
German Crown, and to change German titles and house names to anglicized versions.
Hence, on 17 July 1917, a Royal Proclamation issued by George V declared Now, there
fore, We, out of Our Royal Will and Authority, do hereby declare and announce that
as from the date of this Our Royal Proclamation Our House and Family shall be styled
and known as the House and Family of Windsor, and that all the descendants in the
male line of Our said Grandmother Queen Victoria who are subjects of these Realms,
other than female descendants who may marry or may have married, shall bear the
said Name of Windsor...

The Family Titles and Styles

The style His Majesty or Her Majesty (HM) is enjoyed by a King, a Queen
(regnant), a Queen consort, and a former Queen consort (a Queen Dowager
or a Queen Mother). Use of the style His Royal Highness or Her Royal
Highness (HRH) and the titular dignity of Prince or Princess are governed
by Letters Patent issued by George V on 30 November 1917 and published
in the London Gazette on 11 December 1917. These Letters Patent state
that henceforth only the children of the Sovereign, the children of the
sons of the Sovereign, and the eldest son of the eldest son of the Prince
of Wales would "have and at all times hold and enjoy the style, title or
attribute of Royal Highness with their titular dignity of Prince or
Princess prefixed to their respective Christian names or with their other
titles of honour." They further state, "the grandchildren of the sons of
any such Sovereign in the direct male line (save only the eldest living
son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales) shall have the style and
title enjoyed by the children of Dukes."

Under these conventions, The Queen's children and the children of The Prince
of Wales, The Duke of York and The Earl of Wessex are titled Princes or
Princesses and styled Royal Highness. However, upon Prince Edward's marriage
in 1999, it was announced that his children would be styled as earl's children,
but no Letters Patent were issued to deny them their princely status or HRH.
The Duke of Gloucester, The Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, the Hon. Lady
Ogilvy and Prince Michael of Kent enjoy the titular dignity of Prince or
Princess and the style Royal Highness as male-line grandchildren of George V.
However, none of their children has a royal title. For example, the children of
Prince Michael of Kent are known as Lord Frederick Windsor and Lady Gabriella
Windsor, the courtesy titles as children of dukes. They are not entitled to any
royal title. The children of The Princess Royal, Princess Alexandra and Princess
Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, are not entitled to any royal title since princesses
do not transmit their titles to their children. An exception to this rule was when
George VI issued Letters Patent such that his heiress presumptive, Princess Elizabeth,
could transmit her title to her children. Princess Margaret's son enjoys the courtesy
title Viscount Linley as the son and heir of the Earl of Snowdon, while her daughter
enjoys the courtesy title Lady. The children of the Princess Royal and Princess
Alexandra have no titles, because Mark Phillips and Sir Angus Ogilvy did not accept
hereditary peerages upon marriage.

Women marrying sons and male-line grandsons of a Sovereign are normally styled Her
Royal Highness followed by the feminised version of her husband's highest title.
The wives of royal peers are known as "HRH The Duchess of ..." or " HRH The Countess
of ..." Thus, the wives of the Duke of Kent, the Duke of Gloucester, and the Earl
of Wessex are "HRH The Duchess of Kent," "HRH The Duchess of Gloucester," and "HRH
The Countess of Wessex," respectively. Before her divorce, Diana, Princess of Wales
enjoyed the title and style of "HRH The Princess of Wales." However, when a woman
marries a prince who does not hold a peerage, she is known as HRH Princess [Her
husband's Christian name], followed by whatever territorial or titular designation.
For example, the former Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz enjoys the title and
style of "HRH Princess Michael of Kent," and not "HRH Princess Marie-Christine of
Kent." Similarly, the former Birgitte Eva van Deurs was titled "HRH Princess Richard
of Gloucester" from her wedding until her husband succeeded to his father's dukedom
in 1974. The widows of princes remain HRH. However, under Queen Elizabeth II's 21
August 1996 Letters Patent, a divorced wife of a Prince of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland "shall not be entitled to hold and enjoy the style,
title or attribute of Royal Highness."

There has been one exception to the convention that wives of princes take their
husband's rank. In Letters Patent dated 28 May 1937, King George VI specifically
denied the style HRH to the wife of the Duke of Windsor, the former King Edward
VIII. Therefore, the former Wallis Warfield Simpson was known as "Her Grace The
Duchess of Windsor," not "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Windsor."

It should also be noted due a reluctance by the public to universally support the
second wife of The Prince of Wales, it has been announced by Clarence House that
should The Prince of Wales become King, that his wife HRH The Duchess of Cornwall
will not be known as HM The Queen but will take the lesser title of HRH The Princess
Consort. Out of respect for Diana, Princess of Wales, it was also announced that
HRH The Duchess of Cornwall would not be known as HRH The Princess of Wales.

The daughters and male-line granddaughters of the Sovereign do not lose their royal
titles upon marriage. Men who marry the daughters and the male-line granddaughters
of the Sovereign, however, do not acquire their wives' royal rank and the style HRH.
The only exception to this convention is Prince Philip, who, as a then-future consort,
was granted British titles in his own right (rather than in his wife's). Born a Prince
of Greece and Denmark, it was only after his wartime service that he renounced the use
of his title and became a naturalised British subject, as Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten
RN (although he was already a British citizen as a descendant of the Electress Sophia).
The day before his marriage he was created Duke of Edinburgh with the style HRH by King
George VI's Letters Patent of 19 November 1947. The Duke of Edinburgh was not created a
Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland until 22 February 1957.
Since that date, his full title has been "HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh."

As grandchildren of the Sovereign through the female line, the children of the then
Princess Elizabeth and The Duke of Edinburgh would not have been entitled to use HRH
or Prince or Princess of the United Kingdom until their mother became Queen, had those
titles and styles not been granted in Letters Patent of 22 October 1948. They could
neither be styled HRH Prince or Princess of Greece and Denmark through their father,
as the Duke of Edinburgh had renounced these use of these royal titles and styles. Their
highest styles would therefore have been the Earl of Merioneth and Lady Anne Mountbatten.  

The British Royal Family Tree

 

 

 The Genealogy of The Royal House

 

 

Georg Ludwig, Elector of Hannover and Duke of Braunschweig-

Lüneburg, succeeded his cousin Queen Anne as GEORGE I, King of

Great Britain and Ireland 1 Aug 1714; he was b.Osnabrück 28 May

1660 and d.nr Osnabrück 11 Jun 1727; he m.Celle 21 Nov 1682

(separated 1694) Sophia Dorothea Dss of Braunschweig-Lüneburg

(Celle 5 Sep 1666-Ahlden 2 Nov 1726)

 

 

1a) GEORGE II Augustus, King of Great Britain and Ireland,

Elector of Hannover, Duke of Braunschweig- Lüneburg (Hannover

30 Oct 1683-Kensington Palace 25 Oct 1760); m.Hannover

22 Aug 1705 Karoline Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach

(Ansbach 1 Mar 1683-St.James's Palace 20 Nov 1737)

 

 

1b) Frederick Lewis, Pr of Wales (Hannover 20 Jan 1707 Leicester

House 20 Mar 1751); m.St.James's Palace 8 May 1736 Auguste

Pss of Saxe-Gotha (Gotha 30 Nov 1719-Carlton House 8 Feb 1772)

1c) Augusta, Pss Royal (St.James's Palace

31 Jul 1737-London 23 Mar 1813); m.St.James's

Palace 16 Jan 1764 Karl II, Duke of Braunschweig

(Wolfenbüttel 9 Oct 1735-Altona 10 Nov 1806)

 

   

2c) GEORGE III William Frederick, King of Great Britain,

Ireland and Hannover, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg

(Norfolk House 4 Jun 1738-Windsor Castle 29 Jan 1820);

St.James's Palace 8 Sep 1761 Charlotte Dss of Mecklenburg-

Strelitz (Mirow 19 May 1744-Kew Palace 17 Nov 1818)

 

 

1d) GEORGE IV Augustus Frederick, King of Great Britain,

Ireland and Hannover, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg

(St.James's Palace 12 Aug 1762-Windsor Castle 26 Jun 1830);

m.St.James's Palace 8 Apr 1795 Caroline Dss of Braunschweig

(Wolfenbüttel 17 May 1768-Brandenburg House 7 Aug 1821);

George IV went through a form of marriage in London on

21 Dec 1785 with Mary Anne Smythe, Mrs. Fitzherbert,

but, this marriage, being in contravention of the Royal

Marriages Act, was considered legally void ab initio

1e) Charlotte Augusta (Carlton House 7 Jan 1796-Claremont House,

Esher, Surrey 6 Nov 1817); m.Carlton House 2 May 1816

Leopold Pr of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha [later, King of the Belgians]

(Coburg 16 Dec 1790-Laeken 10 Dec 1865)

2d) Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, etc

(Buckingham House 16 Aug 1763-Rutland House 5 Jan 1827);

m.Berlin 29 Sep 1791 and in London 24 Nov 1791 Friederike

Pss of Prussia (Potsdam 7 May 1767-Oatlands Park 6 Aug 1820) 

 

 

3d) WILLIAM IV Henry, King of Great Britain,

Ireland and Hannover, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg

(Buckingham House 21 Aug 1765-Windsor Castle 20 Jun 1837);

m.Kew Palace 11 Jul 1818 Adelheid Pss of Saxe-Meiningen

(Meiningen 13 Aug 1792-Bentley Priory 2 Dec 1849)

1e) Charlotte Augusta Louisa,

b.and d.Hannover 27 Mar 1819

2e) Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide

(St.James's Palace 10 Dec 1820-St.

James's Palace 4 Mar 1821)

King William IV had the following natural issue by his

mistress, Dorothy Bland, known as "Mrs.Jordan"

3e) George Augustus Frederick Fitzclarence, Earl of Munster

(29 Jan 1794-suicide London 20 Mar 1842); m.18 Oct

1819 Mary Wyndham (d.London 3 Dec 1842)

1f) Lady Adelaide Georgiana Fitzclarence

(Bushy 28 Aug 1820-11 Oct 1883)

2f) Lady Augusta Margaret Fitzclarence

(Bushy 29 Jul 1822-Gimmersta 5 Sep 1846);

m.Paris 10 Apr 1844 Baron Knut Philip de Bonde

(Ericsberg 9 Mar 1815-Stockholm 17 Oct 1871)

3f) William George Fitzclarence, 2d Earl of Munster

(Bushy 19 May 1824-Brighton 30 Apr 1901); m.London

17 Apr 1855 Wilhelmine Kennedy-Erskine

(27 Jun 1830-Brighton 9 Oct 1906)

1g) Edward, Viscount Fitzclarence

(London 29 Mar 1856-22 Nov 1870)

2g) Hon.Lionel Frederick Archibald Fitzclarence

(London 24 Jul 1857-24 Mar 1863)

3g) Geoffrey George Gordon Fitzclarence, 3d Earl of Munster

(London 18 Jul 1859-South Africa 2 Feb 1902)

4g) Hon.Arthur Falkland Manners

Fitzclarence (18 Oct 1860-20 Apr 1861)

5g) Aubrey Fitzclarence, 4th Earl

of Munster (7 Jun 1862-1 Jan 1928)

6g) Hon William George Fitzclarence (17 Sep 1864-4 Oct 1899);

m.1887 Charlotte Elizabeth Williams (d.5 Sep 1902)

1h) Dorothy Margaret Aline Fitzclarence (23 Sep 1888-1952);

m.11 Sep 1909 Cecil Cadogan Elborough (1886-1953)

2h) Wilhelmine Violet Eileen Fitzclarence (17 Jul 1894-1962);

m.19 Jan 1918 Cecil John Cokayne Maunsell (2 Feb 1881-11 Feb 1948)

7g) Hon.Harold Edward Fitzclarence (15 Nov 1870-28 Aug 1926);

m.14 May 1902 Frances Isabel Eleanor Keppel (20 Jul 1874-1 Feb 1951)

1h) Lady Wilhelmina Joan Mary Fitzclarence

(17 Nov 1904-Little Massingham 1992);

m.1st 21 Apr 1928 Oliver Birkbeck

(6 May 1893-13 May 1952); m.2d 28 Apr

1961 Henry John Cator (23 Jan 1926-27 Mar 1965)

2h) Geoffrey William Richard Hugh Fitzclarence,

5th Earl of Munster (17 Feb 1906-27 Aug 1975);

m.9 Jul 1928 Hilary Wilson (19 Mar 1903-

Sandhills, Bletchingley 29 Oct 1979)

8g) Lady Lilian Adelaide Katherine Mary

Fitzclarence (10 Dec 1873-15 Jul 1948);

m.17 Jan 1893 William Arthur

Edward Boyd (1855-6 Dec 1931)

9g) Lady Dorothea Augusta Fitzclarence

(5 May 1876-28 Jan 1942); m.20 Nov 1899 Chandos

Brydges Lee-Warner (11 Jun 1863-1 Oct 1944)

4f) Hon.Frederick Charles George

Fitzclarence-Hunloke (1 Feb 1826-17

Dec 1878); m.2 Dec 1856 Hon.Adelaide

Sidney (1 Jun 1826-20 Sep 1904)

5f) Lady Mary Gertrude Fitzclarence

(London 31 Oct 1834-1834)

6f) Hon.George Fitzclarence (London 15 Apr 1836-24 Mar 1894);

m.5 Jul 1864 Lady Maria Henrietta Scott (1841-27 Jul 1912)

1g) Charles Edward Fitzclarence (8 May 1865-k.a.Ypern

12 Nov 1914); m.Cairo 20 Apr 1898 Violet Spencer-

Churchill (London 13 Jun 1864-22 Dec 1941)

1h) Edward Charles Fitzclarence, 6th Earl of Munster

(3 Oct 1899-15 Nov 1983); m.1st 30 July 1925 (div 1930) Monica

Grayson (d.5 Oct 1958); m.2d 28 Sep 1939 Vivian Schofield

1i) Anthony Charles Fitzclarence, 7th Earl of Munster (21 Mar

1926-30 Dec 2000); m.1st 28 Jul 1949 (div 1966) Diane Delvigne;

m.2d 18 Jun 1966 (div 1979) Pamela Spooner; m.3d 1979 Dorothy

Alexa Maxwell (22 Dec 1924-1995); m.4th Crowhurst,

Surrey 3 May 1997 Halina Winska

1j) Lady Tara Francesca Fitzclarence (b.6

Aug 1952); m.1979 Ross Jean Heffler

2j) Lady Finola Dominique Fitzclarence (b.6

Dec 1953); m.1981 Jonathan Terence Poynton

3j) [by 2d wife, before m.] Charlotte Catherine Lawrence Mills,

formerly Oonagh Sarah Fitzclarence, b.1964; m.1987 Raymond Burt

4j) Lady Georgina Fitzclarence (b.1966);

m.1st 1993 (div 1995) Paul Robert Phillips;

m.2d 1997 John Adam

2i) Lady Mary Jill Fitzclarence (6 Feb

1928-1971); m.1st 4 Jun 1953 (div 1960)

Melvin Flyer; m.2d 28 Mar 1968

John Welter (31 Oct 1908-1980)

2h) Joan Harriet Fitzclarence

(23 Dec 1901-6 Jan 1971) m.30 Mar 1933

Francis Barchard (k.a.25 Nov 1941)

2g) Edward Fitzclarence

(8 May 1865-7 Aug 1897)

3g) William Henry Fitzclarence

(17 Feb 1868-24 Nov 1921); m.11 Aug

1908 Hilda Sankey (d.3 Jan 1959)

4g) Lionel Ashley Arthur Fitzclarence

(30 Nov 1870-19 Dec 1936); m.16 Jul 1913

Theodora Jack (d.12 Apr 1948)

1h) Mary Theodora Annette Fitzclarence

(10 May 1914-14 Aug 2002);

m.1948 Adam Gluszkiewicz

5g) Annette Mary Fitzclarence

(15 Jun 1873-7 Jul 1970)

6g) Mary Fitzclarence (7 Aug 1877-9 Feb 1939); m.5 Oct 1905

Frederick Drummond Vincent Wing (k.a.2 Oct 1915)

7f) Hon.Edward Fitzclarence

(London 8 Jul 1837-k.a.Crimea 23 Jul 1855)

4e) Lady Sophia Fitzclarence (London 4 Mar

1795-Kensington Palace 10 Apr 1837); m.

Westminster 13 Aug 1825 Philip Sidney, Lord

de l'Isle and Dudley (11 Mar 1800-4 Mar 1851)

5e) Lord Henry Edward Fitzclarence

(Petersham 8 Mar 1797-India Sep 1817)

6e) Lady Mary Fitzclarence (Bushy 19

Dec 1798-13 Jul 1864); m.St.George's,

Hanover Square, London 19 Jun 1824

Charles Richard Fox (d.13 Apr 1873)

7e) Lord Frederick Fitzclarence (Bushy House 9 Dec 1799-30

Oct 1854); m.Kent House, Knightsbridge, London 19 May

1821 Lady Augusta Boyle (14 Aug 1801-28 Jul 1876)

1f) Augusta Fitzclarence (Belfast

Dec 1823-18 Oct 1865)

2f) William Fitzclarence (Belfast 16

Jul 1827-Belfast 27 Jul 1827)

8e) Lady Elizabeth Fitzclarence (Bushy House

18 Jan 1801-Edinburgh 16 Jan 1856); m.London

4 Dec 1820 William George, 18th Earl  of Erroll

(21 Feb 1801-London 19 Apr 1846)

9e) Lord Adolphus Fitzclarence (Bushy 18 Feb 1802-

Newburgh Priory, Easingwold, E.Yorkshire 17 May 1856)

10e) Lady Augusta Fitzclarence

(Bushy 20 Nov 1803-8 Dec 1865); m.1st

Bushy House 5 Jul 1827 Hon.John Kennedy

Erskine, of Dun (4 Jan 1802-6 Mar 1831);

m.2d Windsor Castle 24 Aug 1836 Lord John

Gordon Hallyburton (15 Aug 1799-29 Sep 1878)

11e) Lord Augustus Fitzclarence

(Bushy House 1 Mar 1805-14 Jun 1854);

m.Kensington 2 Jan 1845 Sarah

Elizabeth Gordon (1828-23 Mar 1901)

1f) Dorothea Fitzclarence (Clarges Street,

Westminster 27 Oct 1845-15 May 1870);

m.17 Mar 1863 Thomas William Goff

(d.3 Jun 1876)

2f) Eva Fitzclarence

 (Mapledurham 1 Jan 1847-2 Mar 1918)

3f) Beatrix Fitzclarence

(Mapledurham 1 Jan 1847-18 Mar 1909)

4f) Augustus Fitzclarence

(Mapledurham 13 Feb 1849-16 Oct 1861)

5f) Henry Edward Fitzclarence

(Mapledurham 19 Jan 1853-19 Feb 1930);

m.11 Jun 1879 Mary Isobel

Templer Parsons (d.17 Jul 1932)

1g) Augustus Arthur Cornwallis Fitzclarence

(16 Mar 1880-k.a.28 Jun 1915);

m.7 Apr 1910 Lady Susan Yorke

(7 May 1881-21 Aug 1965)

2g) Cynthia Adela Victoria Fitzclarence (7 Feb 1887-_);

m.11 Jun 1908 Roland Orred (d.20 Jun 1963)

6f) Mary Fitzclarence (Rutland Gate,

Westminster Sep 1854-14 Mar 1858)

12e) Lady Amelia Fitzclarence (Bushy House 21 Mar

1807-Hutton Rudby, No. Yorkshire 2 Jul 1858);

m.27 Dec 1830 Lucius Bentinck Cary, Viscount

Falkland (5 Nov 1803-Montpelier 12 Mar 1884)

4d) Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Pss Royal (Buckingham

House 29 Sep 1766-Ludwigsburg 6 Oct 1828);

m.St.James's Palace 18 May 1797 King Friedrich I of

Württemberg (Treptow 6 Nov 1754-Stuttgart 30 Oct 1816)

5d) Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, etc

(Buckingham House 2 Nov 1767-Sidmouth 23 Jan 1820);

m.Coburg 29 May 1818 and Kew Palace 11 Jul 1818

Viktoria Pss of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg 17 Aug

1786-Frogmore House, nr Windsor 16 Mar 1861)

 

 

1e) Alexandrina VICTORIA, succeeded William IV as Queen

of Great Britain and Ireland (but not Hannover), and was

proclaimed Empress of India 1 Jan 1877 (Kensington

Palace 24 May 1819-Osborne House, Isle of Wight

22 Jan 1901); m.St.James's Palace 10 Feb 1840

Albert Pr of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, cr Pr Consort

1857 (Schloß Rosenau 26 Aug 1819-

Windsor Castle 14 Dec 1861)

1f) Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Pss Royal (Buckingham

Palace 21 Nov 1840- Friedrichshof 5 Aug 1901); m.St.James's

Palace 25 Jan 1858 Emperor Friedrich III of Germany

(Neues Palais 18 Oct 1831-Neues Palais 15 Jun 1888)

 

 

2f) Albert EDWARD VII, King of Great Britain and Ireland,

Emperor of India, Pr of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, etc

(Buckingham Palace 9 Nov 1841-Buckingham Palace

6 May 1910); m.Windsor Castle 10 Mar 1863

Alexandra Pss of Denmark (Copenhagen 1

Dec 1844-Sandringham 20 Nov 1925)

1g) Albert Victor Christian Edward,

Duke of Clarence and Avondale, etc

(Frogmore House, nr Windsor 8 Jan

1864-Sandringham 14 Jan 1892)

 

 

2g) GEORGE V Frederick Ernest Albert, succeeded his father

King Edward VII as King of Great Britain and Ireland,

Emperor of India; "Ireland" in the title of the British sovereign

was changed to "Northern Ireland" at some point after the

separation of Ireland; he renounced on behalf of himself

and his family the German titles they held during the

First World War; he was b.at Marlborough House,

London 3 Jun 1865 and d.at Sandringham, Norfolk

20 Jan 1936; he m.at St.James's Palace 6 Jul 1893

Mary Pss von Teck (Kensington Palace 26 May

1867-Marlborough House 24 Mar 1953)

 

 

1h) EDWARD VIII Albert Christian George Andrew

Patrick David, King of Great Britain and Ireland,

Emperor of India, abdicated 10 Dec 1936, cr Duke of Windsor

8 Mar 1937 and was granted the style Royal Highness for

himself only (White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey 23 Jun

1894-Paris 28 May 1972); m.Château de Candé 3 Jun 1937

Wallis Warfield, Mrs. Simpson (Blue Ridge Summit, Monterey Inn,

nr Hagerstown, Pennsylvania 19 Jun 1896-Paris 24 Apr 1986)

 

 

2h) Albert Frederick Arthur GEORGE VI, King of Great Britain and

Ireland, Emperor of India, ascended the throne on the abdication of his

brother, King Edward VIII, 11 Dec 1936; he relinquished the title

Emperor of India 22 Jun 1948; he was b.York Cottage, Sandringham

14 Dec 1895 and d.at Sandringham 6 Feb 1952; he m.at Westminster

Abbey 26 Apr 1923 Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (London 4 Aug

1900- Royal Lodge, WIndsor Great Park 30 Mar 2002)

 

 

1i) ELIZABETH II Alexandra Mary, Queen of

Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

b.London 21 Apr 1926; m.Westminster

Abbey 20 Nov 1947 Philip Mountbatten,

Duke of Edinburgh, formerly Pr of Greece

and Denmark (b.Corfu 10 Jun 1921)

 

1j) Charles Philip Arthur George, Prince of Wales,

b.Buckingham Palace 14 Nov 1948; m.1st St.Paul's Cathedral

29 Jul 1981 (div 1996) Lady Diana Spencer (Park House,

Sandringham 1 Jul 1961-k.in car wreck at Paris

31 Aug 1997); m.2d Windsor 9 Apr 2005 Mrs Camilla

Parker Bowles, née Shand (b.London 17 Jul 1947)

1k) William Arthur Philip Louis,

b.Paddington, London 21 Jun 1982

2k) Henry (Harry) Charles Albert David,

b.Paddington, London 15 Sep 1984

2j) Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise, cr 1987

Princess Royal, b.Clarence House 15 Aug 1950;

m.1st Westminster Abbey 14 Nov 1973 (div 1992)

Mark Phillips (b.Tetbury, Gloucs 22 Sep 1948);

m.2d Crathie Church, nr Balmoral 12 Dec 1992

Timothy Laurence (b.Camberwell, Surrey 1 Mar 1955)

1k) Peter Mark Andrew

Phillips, b.London 15 Nov 1977

2k) Zara Anne Elizabeth

Phillips, b.London 15 May 1981

3j) Andrew Albert Christian Edward, cr

1986 Duke of York, Earl of Inverness

and Baron Killyleagh, b.Buckingham

Palace 19 Feb 1960;m.Westminster

Abbey 23 Jul 1986 (div 1996) Sarah

Ferguson (b.London 15 Oct 1959)

1k) Beatrice Elizabeth Mary,

b.London 8 Aug 1988

2k) Eugenie Victoria Helena,

b.London 23 Mar 1990

4j) Edward Antony Richard Louis, Earl of Wessex,

b.Buckingham Palace 10 Mar 1964; m.Windsor Castle

 

19 Jun 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones

(b.Oxford 20 Jan 1965)

1k) Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary

(b.Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey 8 Nov 2003)

2i) Margaret Rose (Glamis Castle 21 Aug 1930-London

9 Feb 2002); m.Westminster Abbey 6 May 1960

(div 1978) Antony Armstrong-Jones, cr 1961

Earl of Snowdon (b.London 7 Mar 1930)

1j) David Albert Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley,

b.Clarence House 3 Nov 1961 m.St.Margaret's Westminster

8 Oct 1993 Hon.Serena Stanhope (b.1 Mar 1970)

1k) Hon.Charles Patrick Inigo

Armstrong-Jones, b.London 1 Jul 1999

2k) Hon Margarita Elizabeth Alleyne

Armstrong-Jones, b.London 14 May 2002

2j) Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, b.Kensington Palace 1 May 1964;

m.London 14 Jul 1994 Daniel Chatto (his father's legal name was

Tom Sproule, but he used his mother's maiden name,

"Chatto" as a stage name; b.London 22 Apr 1957)

1k) Samuel David Benedict Chatto,

b.London 28 Jul 1996

2k) Arthur Nathaniel Robert Chatto,

 b.London 5 Feb 1999

 

 

3h) Victoria Alexandra Alice Mary, Pss Royal (York Cottage

25 Apr 1897-Harewood House 28 Mar 1965); m.Westminster Abbey

28 Feb 1922 Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood (London

9 Sep 1882- Harewood House 23 May 1947)

1i) George Henry Hubert Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, b.Chesterfield

House 7 Feb 1923; m.1st London 21 Sep 1949 (div 1967) Marion Stein

(b.Vienna 18 Oct 1926); m.2d New Canaan, Connecticut, 31 Jul 1967

Patricia Tuckwell (b.Melbourne, Australia 24 Nov 1926)

1j) David Henry George Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles, b.London 21

Oct 1950; m.1st Paddington 12 Feb 1979 (div 1989) Margaret

Messenger (b.Cheltenham 15 Apr 1948); m.2d 11 Mar 1990

Diane Howse (b.Leafield, Oxon 9 Nov 1956)

1k) Emily Tsering Lascelles,

b.Bath 23 Nov 1976

2k) Benjamin George Lascelles,

b.Bath 23 Nov 1978

3k) Hon Alexander Edgar Lascelles,

b.Bath 13 May 1980

4k) Hon Edward David Lascelles,

b.Bath 19 Nov 1982

2j) Hon.James Edward Lascelles, b.London 5 Oct 1953; m.Wortham

4 Apr 1973 (div 1985) Frederica Duhrrson (b.Newport, Maine, 12

Jun 1954); m.2d Albuquerque, New Mexico, 4 May 1985 (div 1996)

Lori "Shadow" Susan Lee (Albuquerque 29 Aug 1954-2001); m.3d

Anguilla 30 Jan 1999 Joy Elias-Rilwan (b.Lagos 15 Jun 1954)

1k) Sophie Amber Lascelles, b.

Thorpness, Suffolk, 1 Oct 1973

2k) Rowan Nash Lascelles, b.Church

Farm, Sotherton, 6 Nov 1977

3k) Tanit Lascelles, b.Santa

Eulalia, Ibiza, Spain, 1 Jul 1981

4k) Tewa Ziyane Robert George Lascelles,

b.Edgewood, New Mexico, 8 Jun 1985

3j) Hon.Robert Jeremy Hugh Lascelles, b.London 14 Feb 1955; m.1st

London 4 Jul 1981 Julie Baylis (b.Droitwich 19 Jul 1957); m.2d

Edinburgh Jan 1999 Catherine Isobel Bell (b.London 25 Apr 1964)

1k) Thomas Robert Lascelles,

b.London 7 Sep 1982

2k) Ellen Mary Lascelles,

b.London 17 Dec 1984

3k) Amy Rose Lascelles,

b.London 26 Jun 1986

4j) Mark Hubert Lascelles, b.London

4 Jul 1965; m.Harewood House

1 Aug 1992 Andrea Kershaw

(b.Stourport-on-Severn 16 Jun 1964)

1k) Charlotte Patricia Lascelles,

b.London 24 Jan 1996

2k) Imogen Mary Lascelles,

b.Leeds 3 Jan 1998

3k) Miranda Rose Lascelles,

b.Leeds 15 Jul 2000

2i) Hon.Gerald David Lascelles (Goldsborough Hall 21 Aug 1924-Les Croux,

Montbazillac, Sigoules 27 Feb 1998); m.St. Margaret's, Westminster,

15 Jul 1952 (div 1978) Angela Dowding (Hanwell 20 Apr 1919-Virginia

Water, Surrey 28 Feb 2007); m.2d Vienna 17 Nov 1978 Elizabeth Evelyn

Collingwood (Wimbledon 23 Apr 1924-France 14 Jan 2006)

1j) Henry Ulick Lascelles, b.London 19 May 1953; m.

Chapel, Windsor Great Park 25 Aug 1979 (div 1999)

Alexandra Morton (b.London 15 Apr 1953)

1k) Maximilian John Gerald

Lascelles, b.London 19 Dec 1991

1j) Martin David Lascelles, b.[by 2d w.] London 9 Feb

1962; m.Kingston, Jamaica 23 Apr 1999 Charmaine

Christine Eccleston (b.Kingston 24 Dec 1962)

1k) [by Carol Anne Douet (b.London 4 May 1962)] Georgina

Elizabeth Douet Lascelles, b.London 22 Dec 1988

2k) Alexander Joshua Lascelles

(b.London 20 Sep 2002)

4h) Henry William Frederick Albert, cr 1928 Duke of Gloucester,

Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden (York Cottage, Sandringham 31

Mar 1900-Barnwell, Northants 10 Jun 1974); m.Buckingham Palace

6 Nov 1935 Lady Alice Montagu-Douglas-Scott

(London 25 Dec 1901- Kensington Palace 29 Oct 2004)

1i) William Henry Andrew Frederick (Barnet, Herts 18 Dec 1941-

k.in flying accident nr Wolverhampton 28 Aug 1972)

2i) Richard Alexander Walter George, Duke of Gloucester,

b.Northampton 26 Aug 1944; m.Barnwell, Northants 8 Jul 1972

Birgitte van Deurs (b.Odense, Denmark 20 Jun 1946)

1j) Alexander Patrick Gregers Richard, Earl of Ulster, b.Paddington,

London 24 Oct 1974; m.Queen's Chapel, St.James's Palace 22 Jun 2002

Claire Alexandra Booth (b.Sheffield 29 Dec 1977)

2j) Lady Davina Elizabeth Alice Benedikte Windsor, b.Paddington,

London 19 Nov 1977; m.Kensington Palace 31 Jul 2004 Gary Lewis

(b.Gisborne, New Zealand 15 Aug 1970)

3j) Lady Rose Victoria Birgitte Louise Windsor,

b.Paddington, London 1 Mar 1980

5h) George Edward Alexander Edmund, cr 1934 Duke of Kent, Earl of St.Andrews

and Baron Downpatrick (Sandringham 20 Dec 1902-k.in air accident while

on active service at Morven, Caithness 25 Aug 1942); m.Westminster Abbey

29 Nov 1934 Marina Pss of Greece and Denmark (Athens 13 Dec

1906-Kensington Palace 27 Aug 1968)

1i) Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick, Duke of Kent, b.London

9 Oct 1935; m.York 8 Jun 1961 Katharine Worsley

(b.Hovingham, Yorks 22 Feb 1933)

1j) George Philip Nicholas, Earl of St. Andrews, b.Coppins, Iver

, Bucks 26 Jun 1962; m.Leith 9 Jan 1988 Sylvana Tomaselli

(b.Placentia, Newfoundland 28 May 1957)

1k) Edward Edmund Maximilian George, Baron

Downpatrick, b.Paddington, London 1 Dec 1988

2k) Lady Marina Charlotte Alexandra

Katherine Windsor, b.Cambridge 30 Sep 1992

3k) Lady Amelia Sophia Theodora Mary

Margaret Windsor, b.Cambridge 24 Aug 1995

2j) Lady Helen Marina Lucy Windsor, b.Coppins,

Bucks 28 Apr 1964; m.Windsor 18 Jul 1992

Timothy Taylor (b.Yelverton 8 Aug 1963)

1k) Columbus George Donald

Taylor, b.London 6 Aug 1994

2k) Cassius Edward

Taylor, b.London 26 Dec 1996

3k) Eloise Olivia Katherine

Taylor, b.London 2 Mar 2003

4k) Estella Olga Elizabeth

Taylor, b.London 21 Dec 2004

3j) Lord Nicholas Charles Edward Jonathan Windsor,

b.London 25 Jul 1970; m.(civ) London 19 Oct 2006 (rel)

Vatican 4 Nov 2006 Paola Doimi de Frankopan

2i) Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel, b.London 25

Dec 1936; m.Westminster Abbey 24 Apr 1963 Hon. Sir Angus

Ogilvy (London 14 Sep 1928-London 26 Dec 2004)

1j) James Ogilvy, b.Thatched House Lodge, Richmond,

29 Feb 1964; m.Saffron Walden 30 Jul 1988 Julia

Rawlinson (b.Cambridge 28 Oct 1964)

1k) Flora Alexandra Ogilvy,

b.Edinburgh 15 Dec 1994

2k) Alexander Charles Ogilvy,

b.Edinburgh 12 Nov 1996

2j) Marina Ogilvy, b.Thatched House Lodge 31 Jul 1966;

m.Richmond Park, Surrey 2 Feb 1990 (div 1997)

PaulJulian Mowatt (b.Hendon 28 Nov 1962)

1k) Zenouska May Mowatt,

b.London 26 May 1990

2k) Christian Alexander Mowatt,

b.London 4 Jun 1993

3i) Michael George Charles Franklin, b.Coppins 4 Jul 1942; m.(civ)

Vienna 30 Jun 1978 (rel, Anglican) Westminster Abbey 30 Oct 1978

(rel, Catholic) London 30 Jul 1978 Marie-Christine

Frn von Reibnitz (b.Karlsbad 15 Jan 1945)

1j) Lord Frederick Michael George David Louis

Windsor, b.Paddington, London 6 Apr 1979

2j) Lady Gabriella Marina Alexandra Ophelia

Windsor, b.Paddington, London 23 Apr 1981

6h) John Charles Francis (York Cottage 12 Jul 1905

-Wood Farm, Wolferton, Norfolk 18 Jan 1919)

3g) Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, Pss Royal (Marlborough

House 20 Feb 1867-London 4 Jan 1931); m.Buckingham Palace

27 Jul 1889 Alexander Duff, Duke of Fife

(Edinburgh 10 Nov 1849-Aswan, Egypt 29 Jan 1912)

4g) Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary (Marlborough

House 6 Jul 1868-Coppins, Iver, Bucks 3 Dec 1935)

5g) Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria (Marlborough House 26 Nov

1869-London 20 Nov 1938); m.Buckingham Palace 22 Jul 1896 King

Haakon VII of Norway (Charlottenlund 3 Aug 1872-Oslo 21 Sep 1957)

6g) Alexander John Charles Albert

(Sandringham 6 Apr 1871-Sandringham 7 Apr 1871)

3f) Alice Maud Mary (Buckingham Palace 25 Apr 1843-Darmstadt

14 Dec 1878); m.Osborne House 1 Jul 1862 Ludwig IV, Grand Duke

of Hesse and the Rhine (Bessungen 12 Sep 1837-Darmstadt 13 Mar 1892)

4f) Alfred Ernest Albert (1844-1900); in 1893 he succeeded

his uncle Ernst II as Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha;

for more particulars of him and his children see Saxony

5f) Helena Augusta Victoria (Buckingham Palace 25 May 1846-Schomberg

House, London 9 Jun 1923); m.Windsor Castle 5 Jul 1866 Christian

Pr of Schleswig- Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg

(Augustenburg 22 Jan 1831-Schomberg House 28 Oct 1917)

6f) Louise Caroline Alberta (Buckingham Palace 18 Mar 1848-Kensington

Palace 3 Dec 1939); m.Windsor Castle 21 Mar 1871 John Campbell, 9th

Duke of Argyll (London 6 Aug 1845-Kent House,

Cowes, Isle of Wight 2 May 1914)

7f) Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn,

etc (Buckingham Palace 1 May 1850-Bagshot Park, Surrey 16 Jan

1942); m.Windsor Castle 13 Mar 1879 Luise Margarete Pss of Prussia

(Marmorpalais, Potsdam 25 Jun 1860-Clarence House 14 Mar 1917)

1g) Margaret Victoria Augusta Charlotte Norah (Bagshot Park 15

Jan 1882- Stockholm 1 May 1920); m.Windsor Castle 15 Jun 1905

Gustaf Adolf, Crown Pr of Sweden [later, King Gustaf VI

Adolf] (Stockholm 11 Nov 1882- Hälsingborg 15 Sep 1973)

2g) Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert (Windsor Castle 13 Jan 1883-

London 12 Sep 1938); m.St.James's Palace 15 Oct 1913 Pss Alexandra,

Dss of Fife (East Sheen Lodge, Richmond, Surrey 17 May 1891-London

26 Feb 1959)

1h) Alastair Arthur, Pr of Great Britain, etc, until 1917, after

which he was known as Earl of Macduff until he succeeded his

grandfather as Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

(London 9 Aug 1914-Ottawa 26 Apr 1943)

3g) Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth; in 1919 she renounced

her title and was thereafter known as Lady Patricia Ramsay

(Buckingham Palace 17 Mar 1886- Ribsden Holt, Windlesham,

Surrey 12 Jan 1974); m.Westminster Abbey 27 Feb 1919 Hon. Sir

Alexander Ramsay (London 29 May 1881-Ribsden Holt 8 Oct 1972)

1h) Alexander Arthur Alfonso David Maule Ramsay of Mar

(Clarence House 21 Dec 1919- Inverey House 20 Dec 2000);

m.Fraserburgh 16 Oct 1956 Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun

(b.Edinburgh 18 Oct 1930)

1i) Hon.Katharine Fraser of Mar, b.Fraserburgh

11 Oct 1957; m. Fraserburgh 3 May 1980 Mark

Malise Nicolson (b.Calcutta 24 Sep 1954)

1j) Louise Alexandra Patricia

Nicolson, b.London 2 Sep 1984

2j) Juliet Victoria Nicolson,

b.London 3 Mar 1988

3j) Alexander William Malise

Fraser, b.London 5 July 1990

2i) Hon.Alice Elizabeth Margaret Ramsay,

b.Edinburgh 8 Jul 1961; m.Fraserburgh

28 Jul 1990 David Ramsey

(b.Bridgetown, Barbados 17 Sep 1960)

1j) Alexander David Ramsey,

b.Edinburgh 17 Dec 1991

2j) George Arthur Ramsey,

b.Edinburgh 28 Sep 1995

3j) Victoria Alice Ramsey,

b.Edinburgh 7 Apr 1994

4j) Oliver Henry Ramsey,

b.Edinburgh 28 Sep 1995

3i) Elizabeth Alexandra Mary

Ramsay, b.Inverness 15 Apr 1963

8f) Leopold George Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany, etc

(Buckingham Palace 7 Apr 1853-Cannes 28 Mar 1884);

m.Windsor Castle 27 Apr 1882 Helene Pss zu Waldeck u.

Pyrmont (Arolsen 17 Feb 1861-Hinteriss, Tyrol 1 Sep 1922)

1g) Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline (Windsor

Castle 25 Feb 1883- Kensington Palace 3 Jan 1981); m.Windsor

Castle 10 Feb 1904 Alexander Pr von Teck, cr Earl of Athlone

(Kensington Palace 14 Apr 1874-Kensington Palace 16 Jan 1957)

2g) Charles Edward George Albert Pr of Great Britain, Duke of Albany,

etc; in 1900 he succeeded his uncle Alfred as Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,

 and during the First World War his British titles were stripped from

him; for further details on him and his children see Saxony

9f) Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore (Buckingham Palace 14

Apr 1857-Brantridge Park, Balcombe, Sussex 26 Oct 1944); m.

Whippingham Church, Isle of Wight 23 Jul 1885 Heinrich

Pr von Battenberg (Milan 5 Oct 1858-d.at sea 20 Jan 1896)

6d) Augusta Sophia (Buckingham House

8 Nov 1768-Clarence House 22 Sep 1840)

7d) Elizabeth (Buckingham House 22 May 1770-Frankfurt

10 Jan 1840); m.Buckingham House 7 Apr 1818

Friedrich VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg

(Homburg 30 Jul 1769-Homburg 2 Apr 1829)

8d) Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, etc; in 1837

he succeeded his brother William IV as King of Hannover; during the

First World War his descendants were stripped of their British titles,

though they continue to use them among their official titles; for

more details of him and his descendants see Hannover

9d) Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, etc (Buckingham House 27

Jan 1773-Kensington Palace 21 Apr 1843); m.1st Rome 4 Apr 1793 and

at London 5 Dec 1793 (marriage declared null and void, as being in

contravention of the Royal Marriages Act, 1794, though the couple

continued to live together as man and wife) Lady Augusta Murray

(London 27 Jan 1768-Ramsgate, Kent 5 Mar 1830); m.2d (in contravention

of the Royal Marriages Act) London ca 2 May 1831 Lady Cecilia Gore,

who took the name Lady Cecilia Underwood 2 Mar 1834, and was cr

Dss of Inverness 10 Apr 1840 (b.ca 1785, d.Kensington Palace 1 Aug 1873)

1e) Sir Augustus Frederick d'Este (Essex 13

Jan 1794-Kensington Gore 28 Dec 1848)

2e) Augusta Emma d'Este (London 11

Aug 1801-London 21 May 1866);

m.London 13 Aug 1845 Thomas Wilde, Lord

Truro (London 7 Jul 1782-London 11 Nov 1855)

10d) Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, etc (Buckingham

House 24 Feb 1774-Cambridge House, London 8 Jul 1850); m.Kassel

7 May 1818 and at London 1 Jun 1818 Auguste Landgravine of Hesse

-Kassel (Kassel 25 Jul 1797-St.James's Palace 6 Apr 1889)

1e) George William Frederick Charles, Duke of Cambridge, etc

(Hannover 26 Mar 1819-Gloucester House 17 Mar 1904); m.(in

contravention of the Royal Marriages Act) London 8 Jan 1847

Sarah Louise Fairbrother, known as Mrs. Fitzgeorge

(London 1816-London 12 Jan 1890)

1f) George William Adolphus Fitzgeorge (London 27 Aug 1843-Luzern

2 Sep 1907); m.Paris 25 Nov 1885 Rosa Fredericka Baring

(London 9 Mar 1854-London 10 Mar 1927)

1g) Mabel Iris Fitzgeorge (London 23 Sep 1886-London 13 Apr 1976);

m.1st St.James's Palace 12 Dec 1912 Robert Shekelton Balfour (Stirling

7 Mar 1869-Salcombe Regis, Devon 1 Nov 1942); m.2d London 12 Aug

1945 Pr Vladimir Galitzine (St.Petersburg 17 Jun 1884-London 13 Jul 1954)

1h) Sir Robert George Victor Fitzgeorge-Balfour (London 15 Sep 1913-

West Chiltington, Sussex 28 Dec 1994); m.St.James's Palace 4 Dec 1943

Mary Diana Christian (London 12 Oct 1914-London 25 Mar 1994)

1i) Diana Mary Christian Fitzgeorge

-Balfour, b.London 8 Mar 1946

2i) Robin Victor Fitzgeorge-Balfour, b.London 5 Jun 1951; m.London

3 Jun 1976 Patricia Rowntree (b.Biloxi, Mississippi 27 Mar 1952)

1j) Sophia Alexandra Mary Fitzgeorge-Balfour,

b.Londonderry 22 Apr 1977

2j) George Augustus Fitzgeorge-Balfour,

b.London 8 Feb 1979

3j) Charlotte Amaryllis Fitzgeorge-Balfour,

b.London 29 Sep 1981

4j) Victor Theodore Fitzgeorge-Balfour, b.Hong Kong 12 Apr 1988
2g) George Daphné Fitzgeorge (London 23 Feb 1889-Castiglione della

Pescaia 1 Jun 1954); m.London 8 Dec 1915 (div 1926) George Foster Earle

(Cottingham, Yorks 8 Feb 1890- Baggrave Hall, Leics 11 Dec 1965)

3g) George William Frederick Fitzgeorge (London 12 Oct 1892-Tours

13 Jun 1960); m.1st Saltburn 1918 (div 1928) EstherVignon (Menglon,

France 12 Jun 1890-Luc-en-Diois 10 Nov 1980); m.2d Paris 5 Jan 1934

(div 1957) France Bellanger (Founex, Switzerland 25 Nov 1911-Paris

17 Feb 1974)

2f) Sir Adolphus Augustus Frederick Fitzgeorge (London 30 Jan

1846-London 17 Dec 1922); m.1st Hessle, Yorks 21 Sep 1875Sophia

Jane Holden (2 Apr 1857-London 3 Feb 1920); m.2d

London 28 Oct 1920 Margarita Beatrice Watson

(Waresley Court 14 Apr 1863-London 26 Feb 1934)

1g) Olga Mary Adelaide Fitzgeorge (11 Jun 1877-Rouen 15 Oct

1928); m.1st London 18 Dec 1897 (div 1902) Charles Edward

ArchibaldWatkinsHamilton [later, 5th Bt.] (London 10 Dec 1876-

Selsey, Sussex 18 Mar 1939); m.2d London 5 Jan 1905 Robert

Charlton Lane (London 26Jan 1873-Havant 23 May 1943)

1h) George Edward Archibald Augustus Fitzgeorge-

Hamilton (London 30 Dec 1898-k.a. 18 May 1918)

2h) a dau., b.and

d. 5 May 1902

3h) Jane Mary Alice Olga Sophia Lane, b.London 4 Jun 1919; m.1st

Warblington 14 Nov 1939 (div 1961) Edward Hohler (London 22

Jan 1917-London 15 Feb 1997); m.2d London 14 May 1962 Ronald

Scrivener (London 29 Dec 1919-London 5 Mar 2001)

1i) Olga Mary Hohler, b.Windsor 11 Oct 1940; m.Long Crendon

5 Jul 1969 Godfrey Hamilton Bland (b.Vancouver 3 Jul 1943)

1j) Richard James Christopher

Bland, b.Wimbledon

 

27 Feb 1972; m.St James's Church, Newbottle,

Northamptonshire 7 Aug 2005 Eleanor

Mary Townsend (b.1971)

1j) Frederick Robin James

Bland, b.15 Sep 2006

2j) Olga Caroline Bland,

b.Wimbledon 11 Jul 1975

3j) Alexander Harry Bland,

b.Pembury 6 Sep 1979

2i) Philippa Caroline Jane Hohler, b.Harrogate 13 Jan 1942;

m.1st London 5 Feb 1966 (div 1986) William Sanders

(b.Merton 20 Apr 1940); m.2d Virginia 30 Jul 1988

Harry Tait Snowdon III (b.New York 29 Jan 1947)

1j) Algernon William Robert

Sanders, b.London 18 Mar 1967

2j) Laline Marion Jane Sanders,

b.London 18 Feb 1969; m.1 Oct 1994

Alexander Blair Treherne Pollock

(b.Pembury, Kent 21 Jul 1967)

1k) Helena Penelope Jane Treherne Pollock

(b.Fontainebleau, France 22 Feb 1999)

3j) Marietta Philippa Cecilia

Sanders, b.London 25 Feb 1971

4j) Henry Charles Cornelius Sanders,

b.Port Elizabeth, So Africa 29 Jul 1981

3i) Frederick Christopher Gerald Hohler, b.Windsor

30 Aug 1943; m.South Harting 7 Sep 1968 Sarah

Virginia Gilbert (b.Chipstead, Kent 20 May 1945)

1j) Alice Elizabeth Sarah Hohler,

b.Maidstone 28 Aug 1970;

m.27 Apr 1996 Harry Francis Bott

(b.Ware, Herts 7 Dec 1966)

2j) Emily Caroline Jane Hohler,

b.Haslemere 5 Dec 1971

3j) Isobel Violet Angelica Hohler,

b.Sevenoaks 20 May 1979

4j) Ophelia Mary Anne Hohler,

b.Sevenoaks 21 Mar 1982

4i) Robert Henry Adolphus Hohler, b.Windsor 2 Oct 1947;

m.1st Woolwich, London 27 Jan 1973 (div 1978) Victoria

Lisette Tuzo (b.Hammersmith 28 Feb 1952); m.2d Malmö

10 Mar 1984 Viveca Judith Maria Evers

(d.Piddington, Oxon 31 Jan 1987)

1j) [natural son, by ?]

Benedict Hohler, b.1988

3f) Augustus Charles Frederick Fitzgeorge

(London 12 Jun 1847-London 30 Oct 1933)

2e) Augusta Caroline Charlotte Elizabeth Mary Sophia Louisa

(Schloß Montbrillant, nr Hannover 19 Jul 1822-Neustrelitz 4 Dec 1916);

m.Buckingham Palace 28 Jun 1843 Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of

Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Neustrelitz 17 Oct 1819-Neustrelitz 30 May 1904)

3e) Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth (Hannover 22 Nov

1833-White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey 27 Oct 1897);

m.Kew 12 Jun 1866 Franz, Duke von Teck

(Vienna 27 Aug 1837-White Lodge 20 Jan 1900)

11d) Mary (Queen's House, St.James's 25

Apr 1776-Gloucester House 30 Apr 1857);

m.Queen's House 22 Jul 1816 Pr William,

Duke of Gloucester (1776-1834; below)

12d) Sophia (London 3 Sep

1777-London 25 Jul 1848)

13d) Octavius (Queen's House, St.James's

23 Feb 1779-Kew Palace 3 May 1783)

14d) Alfred (Windsor Castle 22 Sep

1780-Windsor Castle 20 Aug 1782)

15d) Amelia (The Lodge, Windsor 7 Aug

1783-Augusta Lodge, Windsor 2 Nov 1810)

3c) Edward Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, etc

(Norfolk House 14 Mar 1739-Monaco 17 Sep 1767)

4c) Elizabeth Caroline (Norfolk House

30 Dec 1740-Kew Palace 4 Sep 1759)

5c) William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, etc

(Leicester House 14 Nov 1743-Gloucester House 25 Aug 1805);

m.London 6 Sep 1766 Maria Walpole, Dowager Css

Waldegrave (3 Jul 1739-Brompton 23 Aug 1807)

1d) Sophia Matilda (Gloucester House 29 May

1773-Ranger's House, Blackheath 29 Nov 1844)

2d) Caroline Augusta Maria (Gloucester House

24 Jun 1774-Gloucester House 14 Mar 1775)

3d) William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, etc

(Rome 15 Jan 1776-Bagshot Park, Surrey 30 Nov 1834);

m.Queen's House, St.James's 22 Jul 1816 Pss

Mary of Great Britain (1776-1857; above)

6c) Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn,

etc (Leicester House 27 Oct 1745- Cumberland House

18 Sep 1790); m.London 2 Oct 1771 Lady Anne

Luttrell (London 24 Jan 1743- Trieste 28 Dec 1808)

7c) Louisa Anne

(Leicester House 8 Mar 1749-

Carlton House 13 May 1768)

8c) Frederick William

(Leicester House 13 May 1750-

Leicester House 29 Dec 1765)

9c) Caroline Matilda (Leicester House 11 Jul 1751-Celle 10

May 1775); m.by proxy at St.James's Palace1 Oct 1766

and in person at Christiansborg 8 Nov 1766

King Christian VII of Denmar (Copenhagen

29 Jan 1749-Rendsborg 13 Mar 1808)

2b) Anne, Pss Royal (Hannover 2 Nov 1709-The Hague

12 Jan 1759); m.St.James's Palace 25 Mar 1734

Willem IV Fst von Nassau-Dietz-Orange

(Leeuwarden 1 Sep 1711-The Hague 22 Oct 1751)

3b) Amelia Sophia Eleanor

(Herrenhausen 10 Jun [Jul?]

1711-London 31 Oct 1786)

4b) Caroline Elizabeth

(Hannover 10 Jun 1713-St.

James's Palace 28 Dec 1757)

5b) George William (St.James's Palace

2 Nov 1717-Kensington Palace 6 Feb 1718)

6b) William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, etc

(Leicester House 15 Apr 1721-London 31 Oct 1765)

7b) Mary (Leicester House 22 Feb 1723-Hanau 14 Jan 1772); m.by proxy

at St.James's Palace 8 May 1740 and in person at Kassel 28 Jun 1740

Friedrich II Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel

(Kassel 14 Aug 1720-Schloß Weissenstein 31 Oct 1785)

8b) Louisa (Leicester House 7 Dec 1724-Christiansborg

8 Dec 1751); m.by proxy at Hannover 30 Oct 1743 and in

person at Altona 11 Dec 1743 King Frederik V of Denmark

& Norway (Copenhagen 31 Mar 1723-Christiansborg 14 Jan 1766)

2a) Sophia Dorothea (Hannover 16 Mar

1687-Monbijou, nr Berlin 28 Jun 1757); m.Berlin

17 Nov 1706 King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia

(Berlin 15 Aug 1688-Berlin 31 May 1740)

 

       

The List of The Monarchs of England and Britain

The first person to assume the title Rex Anglorum (King of the English) was Offa of Mercia, though his power did not survive him. In the 9th century the kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825, became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England. The continuous list of English monarchs traditionally begins with Egbert of Wessex in 829. Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons." After AthelstanRex Anglorum. Starting with Henry II (1154), the title became Rex Angliae (King of England). conquered Northumbria in 927, he adopted the title

The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and, in 1301, Edward I invested his eldest son, Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, with the exception of Edward III, the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title. After the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603, the crowns of England and Scotland were united under James I and VI. By royal proclamation James titled himself 'king of Great Britain'. Since the accession of James, as heir to both kingdoms with a dual inheritance via his parents, the title King or Queen of England is incorrect, though it has remained in popular usage to the present day. England underwent legislative union with Scotland in 1707 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Since 1707, there has been no separate legislature for England, although recent devolution has provided for Scotland. In 1801 the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been under English rule since Henry II, became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following the Act of Union, which lasted until the secession of Ireland in 1922 and the subsequent renaming of the state to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irela

The House of Mercia

According to some sources the first ruler to assume the title King of the English is said to have been Offa in 774, who had been King of Mercia since 757, but this claim is based on charters apparently forged in the 10th century. However, on some of his coins Offa describes himself as Of Rx A, believed to stand for Offa Rex Anglorum. This probably had a different meaning at the time than it acquired later, i.e. king of the Angles, and not necessarily the Saxons.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Offa (+OFFA ·REX+) 774-796		born circa 747	Cynethryth five children	26 or 29 July 796 aged 58

The House of Wessex

The continuous list traditionally starts with Egbert, King of Wessex from 802, the first King of Wessex to have overlordship over much of England. He defeated the Mercians in 825 and became Bretwalda in 829, although he later lost control of Mercia. Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "king of the Anglo-Saxons." After Athelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, he adopted the title rex Anglorum (King of the English). There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king for four weeks in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Athelstan, although he was not crowned. However this is not accepted by all historians.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Egbert (Ecgberht) 829-839		c.775 son of Ealhmund of Kent	Redburga three children	4 February 839 aged about 64
Æthelwulf (Æþelwulf) 5 February 839-856		Aachen born 795 son of Egbert and Redburga	(1) Osburga six children (2) Judith of Flanders 1 October 853 no children	13 January 858 62 or 63
Æthelbald (Æþelbald) 856-860		c.834 son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	Judith of Flanders no children	20 December 860 about 26 yrs of age
Æthelberht (Æþelberht) 21 December 860-865		c.835 son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	unknown two children	865 aged about 30
Æthelred (Æþelræd) 865-871		c.837 son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	Wulfrida 868 two children	23 April 871 aged about 34
Alfred the Great (Ælfræd) 24 April 871-899		c.849 Wantage son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	Ealhswith Winchester 868 six children	26 October 899 aged about 50
Edward the Elder (Eadweard) 27 October 899-924		c.871-877 son of Alfred the Great and Ealhswith	(1) Ecgwynn 893 three children (2) Aelffaed c.902 ten children (3) Eadgifu of Kent 905 four children	17 July 924 Farndon, Cheshire aged about 50
Athelstan the Glorious (Æþelstan) 3 August 924-939		895 son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn	unmarried	27 October 939 aged about 44
Edmund the Magnificent (Eadmund) 28 October 939-946		c.921 son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent	(1) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury three children (2) Æthelflæd of Damerham 944 no children	26 May 946 Pucklechurch aged about 25 (murdered)
Eadred (Eadred) 27 May 946-955		c.923 son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent	unmarried	23 November 955 Frome aged about 32
Eadwig (Eadwig) 24 November 955-959		c.940 son of Edmund the Magnificent and Ælfgifu	Ælfgifu	1 October 959 aged about 19
Edgar the Peaceable (Eadgar) 2 October 959-975		c.943 Wessex son of Edmund the Magnificent and Elgiva	(1) Æthelflæd c.960 1 son (2) Ælfthryth c.964 2 sons	8 July 975 Winchester aged about 32
Saint Edward the Martyr (Eadweard) 9 July 975-978		c.962 son of Edgar the Peaceable and Æthelflæd	unmarried	18 March 978 Corfe Castle aged about 16 (assassinated)
Æthelred the Unready (Æþelræd Unræd) 19 March 978-1013 & 1014-1016		c.968 son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ælfthryth	(1) Ælflaed of Northumbria four children (2) Aelgifu 991 six children (3) Emma of Normandy 1002 three children	23 April 1016 London aged about 48
Edmund Ironside (Eadmund) 24 April - 30 November 1016		c.993 son of Æthelred the Unready and Ælflæd of Northumbria	Edith of East Anglia two children	30 November 1016 Glastonbury aged about 23

The House of Denmark

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Sweyn Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg) 25 December 1013-1014		c.960 Denmark son of Harald Bluetooth	(1) Gunhilda of Poland c.990 seven children (2) Sigrid the Haughty c.1000 1 daughter	3 February 1014 Gainsborough aged about 54
Canute (Knútr) 1 December 1016-1035		c.995 son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland	(1) Aelgifu of Northampton two children (2) Emma of Normandy 1017	12 November 1035 Shaftesbury aged about 40
Harold Harefoot (Harald) 13 November 1035-1040		c.1016/7 son of Canute and Aelgifu of Northampton	Aelgifu 1 son	17 March 1040 Oxford aged about 23 or 24
Harthacanute (Hardeknud) 18 June 1040-1042		1018 son of Canute and Emma of Normandy	unknown	8 June 1042 Lambeth aged about 24

The House of Wessex (restored)

After Harthacanute, there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, a decisive point in British history, William of Normandy became king of England.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Saint Edward the Confessor (Eadweard) 9 June 1042-1066		c.1003 Islip, Oxfordshire son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy	Edith of Wessex 23 January 1045 no children	5 January 1066 Westminster Palace aged about 60
Harold Godwinson (Harold Godwinesson) 6 January-14 October 1066		c.1020 son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir	(1) Edith Swannesha six children (2) Edith of Mercia York c.1064 two sons	14 October 1066 Hastings aged about 46 (died in battle)
Edgar the Atheling (Eadgar Æþeling) 15 October-17 December 1066. Proclaimed, but never crowned.		c.1053 Hungary son of Edward the Exile and Agatha	unmarried	c.1125 aged about 72

The House of Normandy

In 1066 the Duke of Normandy, William II, a vassal to the King of France and cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor, invaded England and conquered the Anglo-Saxons in the Norman Conquest of England. Following the death of King Harold II in the decisive Battle of Hastings on 14 October, the Anglo-Saxon witan elected Edgar the Ætheling king in Harold's place, but Edgar was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I. It was only from the reign of William and his descendents that monarchs took regnal numbers in the French fashion, though the earlier custom of distinguishing monarchs by nicknames did not die out by consequence.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
William I the Bastard / the Conqueror ( Guillaume le Bâtard / le Conquérant) 25 December 1066-1087		c.1028 Falaise Castle son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy and Herleva	Matilda of Flanders Chapel Notre Dame of the castle in Eu, Normandy 1053 ten children	9 September 1087 St. Gervais in Rouen aged about 59. Buried at Saint Etienne Abbey (Abbaye aux Hommes) of Caen
William II Rufus (Guillaume le Roux) 26 September 1087-1100		c.1060 Normandy son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders	unmarried	2 August 1100 New Forest aged about 40
Henry I (Henri Beauclerc) 5 August 1100-1135		September 1068 Selby son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders	(1) Edith of Scotland Westminster Abbey 11 November 1100 four children (2) Adeliza of Louvain Windsor Castle 29 January 1121 no children	1 December 1135 Castle of Lyons-la-Forêt (Saint-Denis-en-Lyons) aged 67. Buried at Reading Abbey
Stephen (Étienne de Blois) 22 December 1135-1154		c.1096 Blois son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy Grandson of William I and nephew of William II and Henry I	Matilda of Boulogne Westminster 1125 five children	25 October 1154 Dover Castle aged about 58

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Matilda (Mathilde ou Mahaut l'emperesse) 7 April-1 November 1141 Title disputed		7 February 1102 Sutton Courtenay only legitimate daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland	(1) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor Mainz 6 January 1114 no children (2) Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou Le Mans Cathedral 22 May 1128 three children	10 September 1167 Notre Dame du Pré in Rouen aged 65

Empress Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, and acknowledged as such by the barons. However, upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. The Anarchy followed, with Matilda being a de facto ruler for a few months in 1141, but she was never crowned and is rarely listed as monarch of England. It is notable that Stephen, although properly French and from a different dynasty with ties to Champagne, did not form his own royal house of England distinct from the Normans, for he himself was not head of his family's house, nor held those lands in conjunction to England. Stephen and Geoffrey's mutual entrance to English politics at this time is remarkable in that they had no direct ties to England of an ethnic sort, only dynastically through the Normans, who acted as their literal and figurative bridge between England and France, a cultural inheritance the Channel Islands retain today.

The House of Plantagenet

Stephen came to an agreement in November 1153, with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford where Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda, as his heir to the throne in lieu of his own son. Rather than ruling among the Normans, the Plantagenets ruled from Aquitaine and accumulated more territories in France, but likewise did not regard England as their primary home until after most of their French possessions were lost by King John. This long-lived dynasty is usually divided into three houses: the Angevins, the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The transition from a French focus to expansion throughout the British Isles, is noted in the use of Lancastrian and Yorkist to denote the difference and the forward outlook on their frontier with the King of Scots, who claimed Northumbria (see Auld Alliance), as well as names for the rival Plantagenet factions. The Plantagenets destroyed themselves and the Welsh Tudors took advantage of this, but affirmed the Lancastro-Portuguese link (essential to maintaining Aquitaine) with Castile in two Spanish marriages. This was abruptly changed to Henry VIII choosing an old Yorko-Burgundian alliance with Cleves, pursued further under Elizabeth's Dudley faction in the Dutch Rebellion. All of this was paralleled by resentful, anti-Tudor "treason" from the previously feuding Northumberland-Westmorland faction which handed England into the hands of the Francophile Stuarts of Lennox in Scotland, who were originally based at Aubigny-sur-Nère, France. The Scottish dynasty would rely on French support to maintain authoritarian rule over their newfound English subjects whom they were often at war with, before and after taking their Crown, before the Hundred Years' War Yorkist-Burgundian alliance would be revived under William III of Orange, in what was called the Second Hundred Years' War. The Plantagenets formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time.

The Angevins

In addition to the kings listed below, Prince Louis of France briefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. However in signing the Treaty of Lambeth he conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Henry II (Henri Court-mantel) 19 December 1154-1189		5 March 1133 Le Mans son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda	Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 eight children	6 July 1189 Château Chinon aged 56. Buried at Fontevraud Abbey
Henry the Young King (Henri le Jeune Roy) (coregent with his father) 14 June 1170-1183		28 February 1155 son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Marguerite of France Winchester Cathedral 27 August 1172 one child	11 June 1183 Martel, Limoges aged 28. Buried at Rouen Cathedral
Richard I The Lionheart (Richard Cœur de Lion) 3 September 1189-1199		8 September 1157 Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 no children	6 April 1199 Chalus aged 41. Buried: Heart at Rouen Cathedral. Body at Fontevraud Abbey
John Lackland (Jean Sans Terre) 27 May 1199-1216		24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	(1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 no children (2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 five children	19 October 1216 Newark Castle aged 49. Buried at Worcester Cathedral
Henry III (Henry of Winchester) 28 October 1216-1272		1 October 1207 Winchester Castle son of John and Isabella of Angoulême	Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 nine children	16 November 1272 Westminster Palace aged 65
Edward I (Edward Longshanks) 20 November 1272-1307		17 June 1239 Westminster Palace son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence	(1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas 18 October 1254 17 children (2) Marguerite of France 10 September 1299 three children	7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands aged 68
Edward II 7 July 1307 - 25 January 1327		25 April 1284 Caernarfon Castle son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile	Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 25 January 1308 five children	21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle aged 43 (murdered)
Edward III 25 January 1327-1377		13 November 1312 Windsor Castle son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 24 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace aged 64
Richard II 21 June 1377 - 29 September 1399		6 January 1367 Bordeaux son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan of Kent Grandson of Edward III	(1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 no children (2) Isabella of Valois Calais 4 November 1396 no children	14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle aged 33

The House of Lancaster

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Henry IV (Henry Bolingbroke) 30 September 1399-1413		3 April 1366/7 Bolingbroke Castle son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster Grandson of Edward III and cousin of Richard II	(1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 seven children (2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 no children	20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey aged 45 or 46
Henry V 20 March 1413-1422		9 August 1387 (or 16 September) Monmouth Castle son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun	Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 one son	31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes aged 35
Henry VI (first reign) 31 August 1422 - 4 March 1461		6 December 1421 Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois	Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son	21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49 (murdered)

The House of York

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Edward IV (first reign) 4 March 1461 - 2 October 1470		28 April 1442 Rouen son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville	Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 ten children	9 April 1483 Westminster Palace aged 40

The House of Lancaster (restored)

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Henry VI (second reign) 2 October 1470 - 11 April 1471		6 December 1421 Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois	Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son	21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49 (murdered)

The House of York (restored)

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Edward IV (second reign) 11 April 1471 - 9 April 1483		28 April 1442 Rouen son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville	Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 ten children	9 April 1483 Westminster Palace aged 40
Edward V 9 April - 25 June 1483		2 November 1470 Westminster son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville	unmarried	c. 1483 London aged about 12 (traditionally considered murdered)
Richard III 26 June 1483 - 1485		2 October 1452 Fotheringhay Castle son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville	Anne Neville Westminster Abbey 12 July 1472 1 son	22 August 1485 Bosworth Field aged 32 (killed in battle)

The House of Tudor

The Tudors descended matrilineally from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of 14th Century English Prince John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (third surviving son of Edward III of England), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. The descendants of an illegitimate child of English Royalty would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year (also enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397). A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognized the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible to ever inherit the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort, a considerable heiress, was married to Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tewdr (anglicised to "Owen Tudor") and Katherine of Valois, widowed Queen Consort of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed. With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Henry VII 22 August 1485-1509		28 January 1457 Pembroke Castle son of Edmund Tudor and Lady Margaret Beaufort	Elizabeth of York Westminster Abbey 18 January 1486 eight children	21 April 1509 Richmond Palace aged 52
Henry VIII 21 April 1509-1547		28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York	Catherine of Aragon Greenwich 11 June 1509 one daughter	28 January 1547 Whitehall Palace aged 55
			Anne Boleyn Westminster Palace 25 January 1533 one daughter
			Jane Seymour Whitehall Palace 30 May 1536 one son
			Anne of Cleves Greenwich Palace 6 January 1540
			Catherine Howard Hampton Court Palace 28 July 1540
			Catherine Parr Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543
Edward VI 28 January 1547-1553		12 October 1537 Hampton Court Palace son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour	unmarried	6 July 1553 Greenwich Palace aged 15

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Jane (The Nine Days Queen) 10 July-19 July 1553 title disputed		October 1537 Bradgate Park daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Lady Frances Brandon	Lord Guildford Dudley The Strand 21 May 1553 no children	12 February 1554 Tower of London aged 16 (beheaded)

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir presumptive. Four days after his death, Jane was proclaimed queen. Nine days after the proclamation, Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary had managed to find sufficient support to ride into London in a triumphal procession on 19 July. Jane was executed in 1554, aged 16. Few historians consider her to have been a legitimate monarch.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Mary I (Bloody Mary) 19 July 1553-1558		18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon	Philip II of Spain Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 no children	17 November 1558 St. James's Palace aged 42
Philip 25 July 1554 - 17 November 1558 (in the right of his wife) status unclear; "de jure" claims were nullified by sister-in-law's defeat of the Spanish Armada		21 May 1527 Valladolid, Spain son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Isabella of Portugal	(2) Mary I of England Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 no children three other marriages and seven children	13 September 1598 El Escorial, Spain aged 71

 

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip II of Spain and Queen Mary, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions" (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife. As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish. Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England (right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England and Ireland. In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

 

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Elizabeth I (The Virgin Queen) 17 November 1558-1603		7 September 1533 Greenwich Palace daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn	unmarried	24 March 1603 Richmond Palace aged 69

The House of Stuart

Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, the Scottish king, James VI, succeeded to the English throne as James I in what became known as the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1604 he adopted the title King of Great Britain, much like the agglomeration of Habsburg "Spain" through the previous union of Castile and Aragon. James similarly lavished titles onto Scots or Englishmen to promote cross-border identity, such as naming his cousin the Duke of Lennox also Duke of Richmond, while the Lord of the Isles became Prince of Wales, Duke of Albany became Duke of York and so on, but the two parliaments remained operatively separate, especially in their Commons. Ireland's distinct independent, parallel government with England in both matters of church and state, continued when Scotland was added to the mix, although James changed the Plantations of Ireland by introducing his own countrymen to Ulster, many of whom were quite resentful of English dominance in Leinster. The Stuart dynasty had long supported the Capetian and Valois dynasties through the Auld Alliance, thus making absolutely no attempt to claim the Throne of France. The Stuarts were pensioners of the Bourbons and often maligned for their foreign orientation within their inherited realm of England, perhaps betraying the Plantagenet cause, a concession further made when the Stuart heirs in Hanover dropped the French royal title under Revolutionary pressure.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
James I 24 March 1603-1625		19 June 1566 Edinburgh Castle son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary I of Scotland	Anne of Denmark Oslo 23 November 1589 seven children	27 March 1625 Theobalds House aged 58
Charles I (Saint Charles the Martyr) 27 March 1625-1649		19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace son of James I and Anne of Denmark	Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Abbey 13 June 1625 nine children	30 January 1649 Whitehall Palace aged 48 (beheaded)

The Commonwealth of England

There was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Despite this, from 1653 the following individuals held power as Lords Protector, during the period known as the Protectorate.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Oliver Cromwell (Old Ironsides) 16 December 1653-1658		25 April 1599 Huntingdon son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Stewart	Elizabeth Bourchier St Giles 22 August 1620 nine children	3 September 1658 Whitehall aged 59
Richard Cromwell (Tumbledown Dick) 3 September 1658 - 7 May 1659		4 October 1626 Huntingdon son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier	Dorothy Maijor May 1649 nine children	12 July 1712 Cheshunt aged 85

The House of Stuart (restored)

Although the monarchy was restored in 1660, no stable settlement proved possible until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when parliament finally asserted the right to choose whomsoever it pleased as monarch.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Charles II 1649-1685 Recognized by Parliament in 1660		29 May 1630 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 three legitimate children (none survived infancy)	6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace aged 54
James II 6 February 1685 - 23 December 1688		14 October 1633 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	(1) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 eight children (2) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 seven children	16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye aged 67
William III (Willem van Oranje) 13 February 1689-1702		4 November 1650 The Hague son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary Stuart	St. James's Palace 4 November 1677 three children (none survived infancy)	8 March 1702 Kensington Palace aged 51
Mary II 13 February 1689-1694		30 April 1662 St. James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde		28 December 1694 Kensington Palace aged 32
Anne 8 March 1702-1707 Great Britain 1 May 1707-1714		6 February 1665 St. James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde	George of Denmark St. James's Palace 28 July 1683 17 children	1 August 1714 Kensington Palace aged 49

The Acts of Union

The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into a single United Kingdom of Great Britain.

The two countries had shared a monarch for about 100 years (since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I). Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early eighteenth century that the idea had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons.

The Titles of The English Monarch

The standard title for all monarchs from Alfred the Great until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum (King of the English). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

• Alfred the Great: Rex Angulsaxonum (King of the Anglosaxons) and Rex Anglorum et Saxonum (King of the Angles and Saxons)
• Athelstan: Rex Anglorum per omnipatrantis dexteram totius Bryttaniæ regni solio sublimatus
• Edmund the Magnificent: Rex Britanniae and Rex Anglorum caeterarumque gentium gobernator et rector
• Edred: Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque
• Edwy the Fair: Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator
• Edgar the Peaceable: Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus
• Canute: Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus

In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English"). From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex Anglie, or Regina Anglie ("Queen of England") if female.

In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was of course Queen of Great Britain rather than king).

The List of British Monarchs

There have been 12 monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. The Kingdom of Great Britain was formed on 1 May 1707 with the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which had been in personal union under the House of Stuart since 24 March 1603. On 1 January 1801 Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After most of Ireland left the union on 6 December 1922, on 12 April 1927 its name was amended to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The House of Stuart

England and Scotland entered into legislative and governmental union on 1 May 1707 under the Acts of Union 1707.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Anne 1 May 1707-1714 England and Scotland 8 March 1702-1707		6 February 1665 St James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde	George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 17 children	1 August 1714 Kensington aged 49

 The House of Hanover

The Hanoverian succession came about as a result of the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England. In return for access to the English plantations in North America, the Hanoverian succession and the Union were ratified by the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
George I 1 August 1714-1727		28 May 1660 Leineschloss son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of Hanover	Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lueneburg-Celle 21 November 1682 2 children	11 June 1727 Osnabrück aged 67
George II 11 June 1727-1760		30 October 1683 Herrenhausen son of George I and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lueneburg-Celle	Caroline of Ansbach 22 August 1705 8 children	25 October 1760 Kensington Palace aged 76
George III 25 October 1760-1820		4 June 1738 Norfolk House son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha	Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz St James's Palace 8 September 1761 15 children	29 January 1820 Windsor Castle aged 81
George IV 29 January 1820-1830		12 August 1762 St James's Palace son of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz	(1) Maria Anne Fitzherbert Park Lane 15 September 1785 (2) Caroline of Brunswick St James's Palace 8 April 1795 1 daughter	26 June 1830 Windsor aged 67
William IV 26 June 1830-1837		21 August 1765 Buckingham Palace son of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Kew Palace 13 July 1818 2 children	20 June 1837 Windsor Castle aged 71
Victoria 20 June 1837-1901		24 May 1819 Kensington Palace daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha St James's Palace 10 February 1840 9 children	22 January 1901 Osborne House aged 81

 The House of Wettin

Although he was the son and heir of Victoria, Edward VII inherited his father's names and is therefore counted as inaugurating a new royal house.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Edward VII 22 January 1901 - 6 May 1910		9 November 1841 Buckingham Palace son of Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha	Alexandra of Denmark St George's Chapel 10 March 1863 6 children	6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace aged 68

 The House of Windsor

The house name Windsor was adopted in 1917, during the First World War, it was changed from the House of Wettin because of wartime anti-German sentiment.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
George V 6 May 1910 - 20 January 1936		3 June 1865 Marlborough House son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark	Mary of Teck 6 July 1893 St James's Palace 6 children	20 January 1936 Sandringham House aged 70
Edward VIII 20 January - 11 December 1936 (Abdicated)		23 June 1894 White Lodge son of George V and Mary of Teck	Wallis Warfield Simpson Château de Candé 3 June 1937 no children	28 May 1972 Bois de Boulogne aged 77
George VI 11 December 1936 - 6 February 1952		14 December 1895 Sandringham son of George V and Mary of Teck	Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Westminster Abbey 26 April 1923 2 children	6 February 1952 Sandringham House aged 56
Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 - present		21 April 1926 Mayfair daughter of George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon	Philip of Greece and Denmark Westminster Abbey 20 November 1947 4 children